Connect with us

Uncategorized

How AI is Being Used in Drug Discovery and Development

Published

on

How AI is Being Used in Drug Discovery and Development

The pharmaceutical industry is undergoing a significant transformation, thanks to the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI drug discovery is not just a futuristic concept; it is a current reality that promises to revolutionize the way we develop new medications. This article delves into how AI is being used in drug discovery and development, highlighting its benefits, challenges, and future prospects.

The Traditional Drug Discovery Process

Before we explore how AI is changing the landscape, it’s essential to understand the traditional drug discovery process. This process is notoriously lengthy, expensive, and complex. It typically involves several stages:

  1. Target Identification: Identifying a biological target, such as a protein, implicated in a disease.
  2. Lead Compound Identification: Finding a compound that can interact with the target.
  3. Optimization: Refining the lead compound to improve efficacy and reduce side effects.
  4. Preclinical Testing: Testing the compound in vitro (in the lab) and in vivo (in animals).
  5. Clinical Trials: Conducting human trials in three phases to ensure safety and efficacy.

This entire process can take over a decade and cost billions of dollars. AI drug discovery aims to streamline these stages, making drug development faster, cheaper, and more efficient.

How AI is Being Used in Drug Discovery

Target Identification

AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of biological data to identify potential drug targets. Machine learning models can sift through genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data to pinpoint proteins or genes that play a critical role in disease pathways. For example, AI can identify previously overlooked targets by recognizing patterns that human researchers might miss.

Lead Compound Identification

Once a target is identified, the next step is to find a compound that can interact with it. AI excels in this area by using techniques like virtual screening and deep learning. Virtual screening involves using computer models to simulate how different compounds will interact with the target. Deep learning algorithms can predict the binding affinity of thousands of compounds in a fraction of the time it would take using traditional methods.

Optimization

After identifying a lead compound, AI can help optimize it. Generative models, such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), can design new molecules with improved properties. These models can generate novel compounds that are more effective and have fewer side effects, thereby accelerating the optimization process.

Advertisement

Preclinical Testing

AI can also play a role in preclinical testing. Predictive models can forecast how a compound will behave in biological systems, reducing the need for extensive lab and animal testing. These models can predict toxicity, metabolic stability, and other crucial factors, enabling researchers to focus on the most promising candidates.

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials are one of the most time-consuming and expensive stages of drug development. AI can streamline this process in several ways. Predictive analytics can identify the most suitable patient populations for trials, increasing the likelihood of success. AI can also monitor patient data in real-time, providing insights that can lead to quicker adjustments and more efficient trials.

How AI is Being Used in Drug Discovery and Development

Picture by: Yandex.com

Benefits of AI Drug Discovery

Speed

One of the most significant advantages of AI drug discovery is speed. AI can analyze data and generate insights much faster than human researchers. This accelerated pace can significantly reduce the time it takes to bring a new drug to market.

Cost-Efficiency

By automating various stages of drug discovery, AI can substantially reduce costs. Virtual screening and predictive modeling can eliminate the need for expensive lab tests and animal studies, saving both time and money.

Precision

AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data with high precision, identifying patterns and correlations that might be missed by human researchers. This precision can lead to the discovery of more effective and safer drugs.

Innovation

AI can explore chemical spaces that are beyond human capability, leading to the discovery of novel compounds. Generative models can create entirely new molecules, opening up new avenues for drug development.

Advertisement

Challenges and Limitations

While AI offers numerous benefits, it is not without challenges. One of the primary concerns is data quality. AI algorithms are only as good as the data they are trained on. Poor quality or biased data can lead to inaccurate predictions. Another challenge is the interpretability of AI models. Many AI algorithms, especially deep learning models, are often considered “black boxes,” making it difficult to understand how they arrive at their conclusions.

Regulatory hurdles also pose a challenge. The pharmaceutical industry is heavily regulated, and integrating AI into the drug discovery process requires navigating complex regulatory frameworks. Ensuring that AI-generated insights meet regulatory standards is crucial for the successful adoption of AI in drug discovery.

Future Prospects

The future of AI drug discovery looks promising. Advances in computational power, data availability, and algorithm development are likely to drive further innovations. Collaborative efforts between AI companies and pharmaceutical firms are already yielding positive results, and this trend is expected to continue.

One exciting prospect is the use of AI in personalized medicine. AI can analyze individual patient data to develop tailored treatments, increasing the efficacy and reducing the side effects of medications. Another promising area is the use of AI in repurposing existing drugs for new indications, a process that can be much quicker and cheaper than developing new drugs from scratch.

Conclusion

AI drug discovery is transforming the pharmaceutical industry, offering unprecedented opportunities to develop new medications more quickly, cost-effectively, and precisely. While challenges remain, the benefits far outweigh the drawbacks. As AI technology continues to evolve, its role in drug discovery and development is likely to become even more significant, heralding a new era in medicine.

Advertisement

By leveraging the power of AI, we are not just accelerating the drug discovery process but also paving the way for innovative treatments that can improve the quality of life for millions of people worldwide.

Author

Continue Reading
Advertisement

Uncategorized

How to Maintain a 4R70W Transmission for Longevity

Published

on

By

Reviewed
By Oliva Mckenna

How to Maintain a 4R70W Transmission for Longevity

Introduction

The 4R70W transmission is a popular automatic transmission used in many Ford vehicles. Known for its durability and performance, it can last for hundreds of thousands of miles if properly maintained. However, neglecting maintenance can lead to slipping gears, overheating, or complete transmission failure. Maintaining a 4R70W transmission requires regular fluid checks, proper servicing, and understanding common issues. This guide will help you learn practical steps to keep your 4R70W transmission running smoothly for years, saving money and avoiding costly repairs.

Understanding the 4R70W Transmission

The 4R70W is a four-speed automatic transmission with electronic controls. It is used in various Ford models, including the Mustang, Explorer, and F-Series trucks. The “W” in the name stands for “wide ratio,” which provides better acceleration and fuel efficiency.

Key features include:

  • Electronically controlled shifting for smoother gear changes
  • Wide gear ratios for balanced performance and fuel economy
  • Durable internal components designed for longevity when properly maintained

Despite its reliability, the 4R70W transmission can face issues if fluid levels are low, filters are clogged, or electronic controls malfunction. Understanding how it works helps in maintaining it effectively.

Importance of Regular Transmission Maintenance

Regular maintenance is crucial for the longevity of the 4R70W transmission. Poor maintenance can result in:

  • Overheating, which damages internal components
  • Gear slippage, causing performance issues
  • Contaminated transmission fluid, leading to wear and tear
  • Complete transmission failure, which is expensive to repair

Routine maintenance ensures smooth operation, reduces repair costs, and extends the life of the transmission.

Key Steps to Maintain a 4R70W Transmission

1. Check Transmission Fluid Regularly

  • Transmission fluid lubricates the gears, controls temperature, and keeps the system clean. Checking fluid levels monthly is essential. Low or dirty fluid can cause overheating and slipping.
  • Locate the transmission dipstick while the vehicle is warm and idling.
  • Check the fluid level and color. Healthy fluid is usually red or pink.
  • If the fluid is dark brown or smells burnt, it needs to be replaced immediately.

2. Change Transmission Fluid and Filter

  • Replacing the fluid and filter ensures the transmission stays clean and performs efficiently. Ford recommends changing the fluid every 30,000 to 60,000 miles, depending on driving conditions.

Steps include:

  • Draining old fluid
  • Replacing the transmission filter
  • Refilling with the correct type of automatic transmission fluid (ATF)

3. Inspect and Replace Seals

  • Seals prevent leaks and maintain proper fluid levels. Inspect transmission pan and output shaft seals regularly for signs of leakage. Replace worn or damaged seals promptly to avoid low fluid levels.

4. Monitor Transmission Temperature

  • Overheating is one of the main causes of transmission failure. Keep an eye on the transmission temperature, especially during towing or heavy-duty use. Installing an auxiliary transmission cooler can help prevent overheating.

5. Avoid Aggressive Driving

  • Rapid acceleration, hard braking, and sudden gear changes put extra stress on the transmission. Smooth driving habits reduce wear and tear on internal components.

6. Use the Correct Transmission Fluid

  • Using the wrong type of ATF can damage the transmission. Always refer to the owner’s manual or manufacturer’s recommendation to ensure the correct fluid type and specifications.

7. Check Transmission Mounts

  • Transmission mounts hold the transmission in place. Worn or broken mounts can cause vibration, misalignment, and stress on the transmission. Inspect mounts regularly and replace if needed.

8. Keep the Cooling System in Check

  • The transmission relies on the vehicle’s cooling system to maintain proper operating temperatures. Ensure the radiator and coolant levels are sufficient. A well-maintained cooling system prevents overheating and prolongs transmission life.

9. Software Updates and Electronic Checks

  • Modern 4R70W transmissions use electronic controls. Occasionally, Ford releases software updates to improve shifting performance or fix minor issues. Consult your dealer for updates and diagnostic checks.

10. Listen for Warning Signs

  • Pay attention to unusual noises, slipping gears, or delayed shifting. Early detection of problems allows for timely repairs and prevents major failures.

Common Issues with 4R70W Transmission

Even with proper maintenance, some common issues can arise:

  • Shift Flare: The transmission may briefly increase engine RPM before downshifting. Often caused by worn clutches or low fluid.
  • Hard Shifting: Stiff or delayed gear changes can indicate a problem with solenoids or fluid levels.
  • Torque Converter Problems: Can cause shuddering or slipping, requiring inspection and possibly replacement.
  • Overheating: Common when towing or driving in hot conditions. Proper fluid and cooling maintenance prevent this.

Addressing these issues early through routine maintenance can extend the transmission’s life and reduce repair costs.

Tips for Long-Term Transmission Care

  1. Regular Inspections: Have a certified mechanic inspect the transmission periodically to detect early signs of wear or leaks.
  2. Follow Manufacturer Service Schedule: Stick to Ford’s recommended maintenance schedule for fluid changes, filter replacements, and inspections.
  3. Avoid Overloading the Vehicle: Excess weight strains the transmission. Avoid exceeding the vehicle’s towing and payload limits.
  4. Drive Smoothly: Gentle acceleration, braking, and gear changes reduce stress on the transmission and extend its lifespan.
  5. Store Properly During Long Periods of Inactivity: If the vehicle will be idle for an extended period, ensure the transmission fluid is topped up and consider using a transmission stabilizer to prevent corrosion and seal drying.

Benefits of Maintaining a 4R70W Transmission

  • Extended Lifespan: Proper maintenance ensures the transmission lasts longer.
  • Reduced Repair Costs: Preventative care avoids expensive major repairs.
  • Improved Performance: Smooth shifting and consistent operation enhance driving experience.
  • Better Fuel Efficiency: A well-maintained transmission reduces energy loss and improves mileage.
  • Peace of Mind: Knowing your transmission is in good condition prevents unexpected breakdowns.

Conclusion

Maintaining a 4R70W transmission is essential for ensuring reliability, performance, and longevity. Regular fluid checks, timely filter replacements, seal inspections, and careful driving habits all contribute to a healthy transmission. Monitoring temperature, using the correct fluid, and keeping the cooling system in check prevent overheating and damage. By following these steps and addressing issues promptly, drivers can enjoy smooth gear shifts, reduced repair costs, and extended transmission life. Proper maintenance is the key to maximizing the investment in your vehicle’s 4R70W transmission and avoiding costly problems in the future.

Author

Advertisement
Continue Reading

health

International Nursing Conference 2026: Empowering Education

Published

on

By

Reviewed
By Aria Eleanor

Introduction

The International Nursing Conference 2026 is an important event for nurses around the world. It helps nursing professionals, teachers, and researchers learn, work together, and share knowledge. The conference focuses on building leadership skills, using modern education tools, and improving patient care through proven practices.

A Global Platform for Nursing Professionals

The Nursing Conference 2026 is more than just an event—it’s a chance to connect nurses from all over the world. It brings together nurses, healthcare leaders, and educators to share ideas and shape the future of nursing and leadership.

As healthcare changes quickly, this conference encourages teamwork, innovation, and continuous learning. Attendees can join keynote talks, hands-on workshops, poster sessions, and networking with experts from top hospitals and universities.

Empowering Education Through Innovation

Education is key to becoming a great nurse, and the International Nursing Conference 2026 focuses on improving how nursing is taught and learned. The conference highlights new teaching methods, simulation-based training, and the use of technology in nursing education.

Nurse educators and leaders will learn about digital learning, virtual simulations, and AI tools that help develop clinical decision-making skills. Sessions on continuing nursing education (CNE) and curriculum updates will guide schools to meet modern healthcare needs.

Advertisement

By sharing research and ideas, participants will find new ways to prepare nursing students for real-world challenges, keeping nursing education up to date with healthcare technology.

Leadership That Transforms Healthcare

Strong leadership is key to every successful healthcare organization. The Nursing Conference 2026 focuses on building leadership skills for nurses. This year’s theme, “Empowering Education & Leadership,” emphasizes the need for nurse leaders who can drive change, advocate for patients, and promote inclusive healthcare.

Sessions on nursing leadership and management will feature global healthcare leaders sharing success stories and strategies. Topics include emotional intelligence, teamwork, communication, and nurse-led innovations that improve hospital efficiency and patient safety.

Helping nurses develop leadership skills not only supports their careers but also makes the entire healthcare system stronger.

Bridging Research and Practice

A key goal of the International Nursing Conference 2026 is to connect research with clinical practice. Nursing research guides evidence-based care, and this conference provides a platform to share new findings and innovative healthcare solutions.

Advertisement

Researchers will present work on clinical nursing, patient-centered care, and evidence-based strategies. Attendees will learn about the latest in telehealth, digital records, and integrated care models that support nurses and patients.

By linking research to real-world practice, the conference helps nurses apply new knowledge in clinical settings, improving care across all nursing fields.

Fostering Collaboration and Networking

The Nursing Conference 2026 is more than talks and presentations—it creates a global network for nurses, educators, and healthcare innovators. Participants can build partnerships through roundtable discussions, mentorship programs, and interactive panels.

These activities connect nurses from different fields, such as critical care, pediatric nursing, mental health, and public health. The hybrid format allows both in-person and online attendees to join interactive learning and networking sessions.

Innovations in Nursing Practice and Patient Care

As the healthcare environment becomes more complex, the role of nurses continues to expand. The International Nursing Conference 2026 explores the latest innovations in patient care, healthcare technology, and nursing practice.

Advertisement

Sessions on nursing technology integration will showcase how digital tools, artificial intelligence, and wearable devices are enhancing nursing workflows and patient outcomes. Discussions will also highlight the importance of nursing informatics, data-driven decision-making, and sustainable healthcare practices that prioritize both patient and nurse well-being.

Through these insights, attendees will gain a comprehensive understanding of how technology and compassion can coexist in modern nursing.

A Step Toward Global Nursing Leadership

The Nursing Conference 2026 is more than a professional meeting it’s a step toward building a global nursing community. By encouraging collaboration, innovation, and learning, the conference helps nurses lead change in healthcare.

From educators shaping future nurses to clinical leaders improving care, every participant will gain knowledge, inspiration, and ideas for progress. The event motivates nurses to not just adapt to change, but to lead it, helping healthcare systems stay strong and focused on patients.

Why You Should Attend the Nursing Conference 2026

Whether you are an experienced nurse, a student, or a healthcare researcher, attending the International Nursing Conference 2026 will provide immense professional value. Here’s why it’s an unmissable opportunity:

Advertisement
  • Engage with global nursing experts and thought leaders.
  • Learn the latest trends in nursing education and leadership.
  • Participate in hands-on workshops and skill development sessions.
  • Present your research and receive international recognition.
  • Build lasting connections with nursing professionals worldwide.
  • Gain insights into evidence-based practice and clinical innovation.

This conference will inspire you to think beyond boundaries, collaborate with peers, and contribute to a healthier, more equitable world through nursing excellence.

Conclusion

The International Nursing Conference 2026 stands as a celebration of nursing’s enduring spirit—its dedication, compassion, and leadership. As healthcare continues to transform, nurses play a pivotal role in shaping its future through education, innovation, and collaboration.

By joining this global event, participants will not only expand their knowledge but also empower themselves to become leaders who inspire change. Together, through shared learning and visionary leadership, the Nursing Conference 2026 will continue to redefine what it means to care, lead, and educate in the modern healthcare era.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1. What is the International Nursing Conference 2026 about?

The International Nursing Conference 2026 focuses on advancing nursing education, leadership, research, and clinical practice. It brings together global nursing professionals, educators, and researchers to share knowledge, explore innovations, and strengthen collaborative healthcare networks. The event highlights evidence-based practice, emerging technologies, leadership development, and professional growth opportunities.

Q2. Who can attend the Nursing Conference 2026?

Advertisement

This conference is open to registered nurses, nursing students, educators, healthcare managers, researchers, clinicians, policymakers, and healthcare innovation professionals. Whether you are an experienced practitioner or just starting your nursing career, the event offers valuable learning and networking opportunities for all levels.

Q3. What topics will be covered during the conference?

The conference will cover a wide range of topics including nursing leadership, clinical research, nursing education trends, patient safety, healthcare technology, nursing informatics, simulation-based learning, telehealth advancements, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Sessions will feature keynote talks, panel discussions, workshops, and research presentations.

Q4. How can I register for the Nursing Conference 2026?

Registration can be completed easily through the official event website. Participants may choose between in-person registration, virtual attendance, or hybrid participation options. Early-bird discounts, group registrations, and student rates may also be available depending on the organizer’s policies.

Advertisement

Q5. Will the event provide certification or CNE credits?

Yes, many sessions at the International Nursing Conference 2026 are designed to offer Continuing Nursing Education (CNE) credits. Participants will receive official certificates after completing eligible sessions, which can support professional development and career advancement.

Q6. Can I submit my research or abstract for presentation?

Absolutely. Researchers, students, and healthcare professionals are encouraged to submit abstracts for oral presentations, poster sessions, or workshop proposals. Accepted submissions will be featured in the conference program, offering presenters international visibility and recognition.

Q7. Is the conference available in a hybrid format?

Advertisement

Yes, the Nursing Conference 2026 is designed as a hybrid event. Attendees can join in person at the venue or participate virtually from anywhere in the world. Both formats offer interactive learning, live sessions, and networking opportunities.

Q8. Why should I attend the International Nursing Conference 2026?

Attending this conference allows you to stay updated on global nursing trends, gain leadership insights, network with experts, participate in skill-building sessions, and explore innovative research in healthcare. It is an excellent opportunity to grow professionally and contribute to shaping the future of nursing worldwide.

Q9. What are the benefits for students attending the conference?

Nursing students can gain exposure to global healthcare perspectives, connect with mentors, explore research opportunities, and build their professional network early in their careers. The conference also provides a platform to present student-led research and learn from experienced clinicians and educators.

Advertisement

Q10. Will recordings be available after the event?

Yes, virtual attendees and registered participants will have access to recorded sessions for a limited time after the conference. This allows participants to revisit key talks, review presentations, and continue learning at their convenience.

Author

Continue Reading

Uncategorized

How to Book Cheap Flight Tickets Online

Published

on

By

Reviewed
By Eliana Palms

Introduction

Booking cheap flight tickets online has become easier than ever, thanks to the growing number of travel websites, apps, and airline portals offering competitive prices. However, finding the lowest fare still requires strategy, timing, and smart decision-making. Whether you are planning a family vacation, business trip, or last-minute getaway, knowing how to book cheap flight tickets online can help you save a significant amount on travel expenses. With proper methods like flexible date searches, comparing multiple booking platforms, and monitoring airline promotions, travelers can consistently find affordable tickets for both domestic and international routes.

The rise of online ticketing platforms has made it possible to browse thousands of flights instantly, filter results according to your budget, and take advantage of limited-time deals. The key is to understand how airline pricing works and what tools can help you secure the best rates. This guide explores practical steps, everyday hacks, and insider tips to help you confidently book cheap flight tickets online.

Why Flexibility Helps You Book Cheap Flight Tickets Online

One of the most effective ways to book cheap flight tickets online is to stay flexible with your travel schedule. Airfare prices fluctuate drastically depending on the day of the week, time of year, and even the hour of your flight. For example, midweek departures—especially on Tuesdays and Wednesdays—tend to be much cheaper than weekend flights when demand is high. Early morning and late-night flights are often more affordable, as fewer travelers prefer these timings.

Using fare calendars and flexible-date tools on travel websites allows you to see which dates offer the lowest prices. If your travel plans are not fixed, shifting your trip by a day or two can result in major savings. Similarly, flying during shoulder seasons—periods between peak and off-peak travel—often leads to cheaper tickets, especially for popular destinations. Flexibility gives you more control over pricing and helps you grab the best deals without compromising your travel plans.

Use Multiple Platforms to Book Cheap Flight Tickets Online

Another essential technique to book cheap flight tickets online is comparing fares across multiple booking platforms. No single website consistently offers the lowest prices, so checking several sources ensures you do not miss a better deal. Travel search engines, airline websites, and online travel agencies all display different fare combinations, and sometimes exclusive discounts appear only on specific platforms.

Advertisement

Start by using comparison tools to scan multiple airlines at once. Once you find a good option, double-check the official airline website to see if the fare is cheaper when booking directly. Direct bookings often offer perks such as easier changes, loyalty points, and better customer support. On the other hand, third-party travel websites may offer package deals, coupon codes, and cashback offers. Using a combination of both ensures you have the widest range of choices.

Take Advantage of Alerts and Promotions to Book Cheap Flight Tickets Online

Airlines frequently launch promotional deals, limited-time discounts, and festive offers that drastically reduce airfare. Subscribing to airline newsletters, downloading travel apps, and setting up fare alerts can help you stay updated on these offers. Fare alert tools notify you as soon as prices drop for your preferred destination, enabling you to book cheap flight tickets online before the prices rise again.

Additionally, many airlines run flash sales during off-peak hours or on special occasions such as New Year, Black Friday, or regional festivals. Being aware of these events and acting quickly allows you to purchase tickets at significantly lower rates. Social media pages of airlines also frequently announce exclusive offers, so following them can give you an advantage.

Book Cheap Flight Tickets Online Using Airline Miles and Reward Programs

Joining airline loyalty programs is another smart way to book cheap flight tickets online. Frequent flyer miles accumulate each time you travel, and they can be redeemed for discounts, upgrades, or even free flights. Many credit cards also offer travel reward points that can be converted into miles or used directly for flight bookings.

By combining credit card rewards with airline miles, travelers can lower their ticket cost considerably. Some programs even provide exclusive member-only fares and early access to promotional sales. If you travel frequently—even a few times a year—enrolling in these programs can help you save money in the long run and enhance your overall travel experience.

Advertisement

Be Smart With Airports and Routes When Booking Cheap Flight Tickets Online

Choosing alternate airports or routes can also help you book cheap flight tickets online. Major cities often have more than one airport, and fares may vary significantly depending on demand and airline competition. For example, flying into a nearby city and then taking a short domestic flight or ground transport can sometimes be much more economical.

Similarly, one-stop or connecting flights are often cheaper than direct flights. While they take longer, they can save you a substantial amount—ideal for budget-conscious travelers. Exploring multiple routes, layover options, and nearby airports gives you access to more price choices and increases your chances of finding a better deal.

Book Cheap Flight Tickets Online by Avoiding Extra Fees

Many travelers focus solely on ticket price but overlook the additional fees airlines may charge. Budget carriers especially offer low base fares but add charges for baggage, seat selection, meals, and more. To truly book cheap flight tickets online, always review the full fare breakdown.

Travel light to avoid baggage fees, skip unnecessary add-ons, and compare total trip costs instead of just the advertised price. Sometimes a full-service airline offering free baggage might be cheaper than a low-cost airline after fees are added. Making informed decisions ensures you stay within budget without hidden surprises.

Final Thoughts

Finding affordable airfare is not just luck—it’s a combination of smart planning, flexibility, and using the right digital tools. When you compare platforms, stay flexible with dates, use fare alerts, and take advantage of rewards programs, you can consistently book cheap flight tickets online for any destination. As travel continues to evolve, online booking platforms provide increasingly powerful tools to help travelers find the best deal quickly and confidently. Apply these strategies on your next trip, and you’ll enjoy significant savings while still experiencing comfortable air travel.

Advertisement

Author

Continue Reading

Readers like you help support Contrank. When you make a purchase using links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Read More.

Advertisement

Trending

Disclaimer:
This blogging site is operated as part of PAEA Foundation Inc. (www.paeafoundation.org), a registered nonprofit organization. All content published here is contributed voluntarily by a global community of over 1,000 writers and content creators who support our mission to foster open knowledge, creativity, and community learning. The views expressed in each post are those of the respective authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the PAEA Foundation. We do not accept payment for publishing articles and do not engage in commercial content promotion. Our platform is maintained for educational and nonprofit purposes in line with our mission. For inquiries about our nonprofit status or use of this platform under nonprofit licensing (e.g., WHM), please contact us.
Copyright ©2025. Contrank