health

Tongue Twisters: Debunking Myths About Taste Perception!

Published

5 months ago

June 3, 2024

Fred Wilson

Reviewed
By Harry Williams

Tongue Twisters: Debunking Myths About Taste Perception!

Introduction

Hey there, science enthusiasts! I’m Dr. Anastasia Marin, a researcher who spends her days unraveling the mysteries of taste. Today, we’re diving into the fascinating world of flavor and debunking some long-held myths you might have encountered in textbooks. Get ready to have your taste buds tickled with surprising facts that challenge what you thought you knew!

Taste: More Than Just Tongue Maps

Raise your hand if you’ve ever seen a diagram of the tongue divided into sections labeled for sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. Surprise! Those colorful maps are actually a scientific misconception.

Informative Table

Myth	Reality
Tongue map: Specific areas taste specific flavors	Taste receptors for all five flavors are scattered across the entire surface of the tongue.
Limited taste buds	New taste buds are constantly being created throughout your life!

For decades, a widely accepted theory held that different areas of the tongue were responsible for detecting specific tastes. This concept, often illustrated in textbooks as a “tongue map,” was based on research conducted in the early 1900s. However, later studies revealed a crucial flaw in the methodology. The researchers had applied taste solutions to specific areas of the tongue, but they didn’t account for the speed with which taste can spread across the tongue’s surface.

Modern research using advanced technology paints a different picture. We now know that taste buds, which are tiny sensory organs containing taste receptor cells, are scattered all over the tongue’s surface, not concentrated in specific zones. Each taste bud has the potential to detect all five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory).

This updated understanding of taste perception also debunks another misconception – that we have a limited number of taste buds. In fact, our tongues are constantly undergoing renewal, with new taste buds being created throughout our lives. This ongoing process helps to ensure that our ability to detect flavors remains sharp.

Picture by: Google Gemini

Flavor Frenzy: The Teamwork of Taste and Smell

Think taste is all about your tongue? Think again! Smell plays a crucial role in how we perceive flavor. Imagine this: you take a bite of your favorite chocolate chip cookie. The sweetness hits your tongue, but there’s more to the story. Aroma molecules released by the warm cookie travel up a passage behind your nose, reaching olfactory receptors that send signals to your brain. This aroma-taste connection is why a simple sniff of your food can tell you if it’s fresh or spoiled.

Anecdote:* Ever had a stuffy nose and wondered why your food suddenly tasted bland? That’s because smell significantly contributes to our ability to differentiate flavors. When your nasal passages are congested, the aroma molecules can’t reach the olfactory receptors, hindering your ability to fully experience the taste of your food.

Temperature Tampering: How Heat and Cold Affect Taste

Ever wondered why ice cream seems to taste even more delicious on a scorching summer day? Temperature can actually alter how we perceive taste.

Scientific Explanation:* Warm foods activate more taste receptors on the tongue, making flavors seem more intense. Conversely, cold temperatures can have a numbing effect, dulling our taste perception. Think about a popsicle on a freezing winter day. The coldness might make it difficult to distinguish the subtle flavors in the treat compared to enjoying it on a warmer day.

Beyond the Basics: The Mystery of Umami

Did you know there’s a whole other taste dimension beyond the classic sweet, sour, salty, and bitter? It’s called umami, a savory taste often associated with broths, aged cheeses, and meats.

Fact:* The word “umami” comes from the Japanese language, where “umai” means “delicious” and “mi” translates to “savory.” Umami was first identified by a Japanese scientist in 1908, adding a whole new layer to our understanding of taste perception.

The presence of umami receptors on our tongues helps us to detect and appreciate the complex flavors found in various foods, particularly savory dishes rich in glutamates, a specific type of amino acid.

Image by: Yandex.com

Brain Games: How Your Mind Tricks Your Taste Buds

Our brain plays a much bigger role in shaping our taste perception than we might realize. Memories, emotions, and even expectations can influence how we experience flavor.

Example:* Imagine a childhood experience where you had a terrible experience with broccoli. The memory of that bitterness might linger, subconsciously influencing your perception of broccoli even as an adult. You might find yourself disliking the taste even if the vegetable itself is fresh and well-prepared. This is because your brain associates the memory of the unpleasant experience with the taste of broccoli, tricking your taste buds into anticipating a negative flavor.

Here’s another interesting example: Studies have shown that the color of a plate or the visual presentation of food can influence how we perceive its taste. Imagine eating a bright red dessert served on a pristine white plate. Our brains might subconsciously associate the color red with sweetness, making the dessert seem even more delightful.

Taste Bud Teasers: Fun Experiments to Try at Home!

Science is all about exploration and discovery! Here are some cool experiments you can try at home to delve deeper into the world of taste and challenge your taste buds:

Experiment 1: The Taste Test Challenge – Blindfold a friend or family member and see if they can identify different flavors based solely on taste. You can use common household items like sugar water, lemon juice, salt water, a piece of unsweetened chocolate, and a small amount of soy sauce. This experiment highlights the importance of smell in taste perception.
Experiment 2: The Temperature Test – Taste the same food (like a slice of apple or a spoonful of yogurt) at different temperatures (warm, cold, room temperature). See how the temperature affects the intensity of the flavor. This experiment demonstrates how temperature can alter taste bud sensitivity.
Experiment 3: The Sweet and Sour Surprise – Prepare two glasses of water. Add a spoonful of sugar to one glass and a squeeze of lemon juice to the other. Now, take a sip of the lemon water first, followed immediately by the sugar water. Surprisingly, the sugar water might taste less sweet than you expect! This is because the sourness from the lemon juice lingers on your tongue, temporarily affecting your perception of sweetness.

These are just a few examples, and the possibilities for taste bud exploration are endless! So, get creative, have fun, and be amazed by the fascinating world of taste!

Conclusion:

The next time you savor a delicious meal, remember, taste is a complex sensory experience influenced by more than just your taste buds. It’s a beautiful collaboration between your tongue, nose, brain, and even your past experiences. By understanding the science behind taste perception, we can appreciate the amazing ways our senses work together to create a symphony of flavor in every bite. Keep exploring, keep experimenting, and keep your taste buds curious! After all, there’s a whole world of deliciousness waiting to be discovered!

Author

Fred Wilson

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health

The Latest Innovations in Cancer Detection and Treatment

Published

8 hours ago

November 11, 2024

Fred Wilson

Reviewed
By Harry William

The Latest Innovations in Cancer Detection and Treatment

Cancer remains one of the most formidable challenges in modern medicine. However, significant strides have been made in both the detection and treatment of this complex group of diseases. With advancements in technology and a deeper understanding of cancer biology, innovative approaches are emerging that promise to revolutionize how we identify and combat cancer. This article delves into some of the latest innovations in cancer detection and treatment, offering an informative overview of the cutting-edge developments in this critical field.

Cancer Detection Innovations

Early detection of cancer significantly improves the chances of successful treatment and survival. Traditional methods like biopsies, imaging, and blood tests have been the mainstay for decades. However, recent innovations are pushing the boundaries of what is possible in cancer detection.

Liquid Biopsies

One of the most promising advancements in cancer detection is the development of liquid biopsies. Unlike traditional biopsies, which require tissue samples, liquid biopsies analyze cancer-related biomarkers in bodily fluids such as blood, urine, or saliva. This non-invasive approach not only reduces patient discomfort but also allows for more frequent monitoring of cancer progression and response to treatment.

Liquid biopsies work by detecting circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and other cancer-related molecules. These biomarkers can provide critical information about the genetic mutations and characteristics of the tumor, enabling personalized treatment plans. Companies like Guardant Health and Foundation Medicine are at the forefront of developing liquid biopsy technologies, which are already being used in clinical settings to detect cancers such as lung, breast, and colorectal.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning

Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms are transforming cancer detection by enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of diagnostic processes. AI-powered tools can analyze vast amounts of medical data, including imaging scans and pathology reports, to identify patterns that may be indicative of cancer.

For instance, Google’s DeepMind has developed an AI system capable of analyzing mammograms with a level of accuracy comparable to expert radiologists. Similarly, PathAI uses machine learning to improve the accuracy of pathology diagnoses by identifying cancerous cells in tissue samples. These AI-driven innovations not only reduce the risk of human error but also expedite the diagnostic process, allowing for earlier intervention.

Multi-Cancer Early Detection (MCED) Tests

Multi-cancer early detection (MCED) tests are a revolutionary approach to screening for multiple types of cancer simultaneously. These tests analyze genetic and epigenetic changes in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) circulating in the bloodstream. By detecting specific methylation patterns associated with different cancers, MCED tests can identify the presence of multiple cancers at an early stage.

GRAIL, a biotechnology company, has developed an MCED test called Galleri, which can detect over 50 types of cancer from a single blood draw. This innovative test has the potential to transform cancer screening by enabling the early detection of cancers that currently lack effective screening methods, such as pancreatic and ovarian cancer.

Picture by: Yandex.com

Advances in Cancer Treatment

While early detection is crucial, effective treatment is equally important in the fight against cancer. Recent innovations in cancer treatment are focused on personalized and targeted therapies, which aim to minimize side effects and improve patient outcomes.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising approaches to cancer treatment. This innovative therapy harnesses the body’s immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. There are several types of immunotherapy, including checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy, and cancer vaccines.

Checkpoint inhibitors, such as pembrolizumab (Keytruda) and nivolumab (Opdivo), work by blocking proteins that prevent immune cells from attacking cancer cells. These drugs have shown remarkable success in treating cancers like melanoma, lung cancer, and Hodgkin lymphoma.

CAR-T cell therapy involves genetically modifying a patient’s T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that target specific cancer cells. This personalized approach has demonstrated significant efficacy in treating certain types of blood cancers, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).

Cancer vaccines, another form of immunotherapy, aim to stimulate the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. These vaccines can be designed to target specific tumor antigens, providing a personalized treatment option for patients.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapies are designed to specifically attack cancer cells while sparing healthy cells, thereby reducing side effects. These therapies work by targeting specific molecules involved in cancer growth and progression.

One example of targeted therapy is the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to treat cancers with specific genetic mutations. For instance, imatinib (Gleevec) targets the BCR-ABL fusion protein in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), leading to remarkable improvements in patient outcomes. Similarly, drugs like trastuzumab (Herceptin) target the HER2 protein in HER2-positive breast cancer, significantly improving survival rates.

Another promising area of targeted therapy is the development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). These innovative drugs consist of an antibody linked to a potent cytotoxic agent. The antibody specifically binds to cancer cells, delivering the cytotoxic agent directly to the tumor and minimizing damage to healthy tissues. Examples of ADCs include ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla) for HER2-positive breast cancer and brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris) for Hodgkin lymphoma.

Precision Medicine

Precision medicine is an approach that tailors treatment to the individual characteristics of each patient and their cancer. This innovative strategy involves analyzing the genetic and molecular profile of a patient’s tumor to identify specific mutations and alterations that can be targeted with personalized therapies.

The use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized precision medicine by enabling comprehensive genomic profiling of tumors. Companies like Foundation Medicine and Tempus offer NGS-based tests that provide detailed information about the genetic alterations in a patient’s cancer. This information can guide the selection of targeted therapies and clinical trials, ensuring that patients receive the most effective treatments for their specific cancer.

Conclusion

The latest innovations in cancer detection and treatment are transforming the landscape of oncology, offering new hope to patients and their families. From non-invasive liquid biopsies and AI-driven diagnostic tools to personalized immunotherapies and targeted treatments, these advancements are paving the way for more effective and less toxic cancer care.

As research and technology continue to evolve, the future of cancer detection and treatment looks promising. By embracing these innovative approaches, we can move closer to a world where cancer is no longer a formidable adversary but a manageable condition with a high likelihood of successful outcomes.

Author

Fred Wilson

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health

The Latest in Heart Health Research and Treatments

Published

1 day ago

November 10, 2024

Rolland Cohen

Reviewed
By Eli Small

The Latest in Heart Health Research and Treatments

Heart health remains a critical area of medical research, given the global prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). According to the World Health Organization, CVDs are the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for an estimated 17.9 million lives each year. Consequently, advancements in heart health research and treatments are of paramount importance. This article delves into the latest developments, offering insights into groundbreaking studies, innovative treatments, and emerging technologies that promise to revolutionize the field.

Advances in Heart Health Research

Genetic Insights and Personalized Medicine

One of the most promising areas in heart health research is the exploration of genetic factors that contribute to cardiovascular diseases. Researchers are increasingly focusing on the role of genetics in CVDs, aiming to develop personalized medicine approaches. By understanding an individual’s genetic makeup, healthcare providers can tailor treatments to better suit the patient’s unique genetic profile. This approach not only enhances the effectiveness of treatments but also minimizes potential side effects.

A recent study published in the journal Nature Genetics identified several new genetic variants associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease. These findings pave the way for the development of genetic tests that can predict an individual’s risk of developing heart disease, allowing for earlier intervention and more personalized treatment plans.

The Microbiome and Heart Health

The human microbiome, particularly the gut microbiome, has emerged as a significant factor in heart health. Research indicates that the composition of gut bacteria can influence the development of cardiovascular diseases. For instance, certain gut bacteria produce metabolites that can either protect against or contribute to heart disease.

A groundbreaking study published in Circulation Research highlights the potential of probiotics and dietary interventions in modulating the gut microbiome to improve heart health. The study found that participants who consumed a diet rich in fiber and fermented foods showed a significant reduction in markers of inflammation and improved cardiovascular health.

Inflammation and Heart Disease

Chronic inflammation is a well-known contributor to the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Recent research has focused on identifying specific inflammatory pathways and molecules that play a crucial role in heart disease. By targeting these pathways, scientists hope to develop new anti-inflammatory treatments that can prevent or slow the progression of CVDs.

A notable study published in The Lancet demonstrated the efficacy of an anti-inflammatory drug called canakinumab in reducing the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with a history of heart attacks. This research underscores the potential of anti-inflammatory therapies in managing heart disease and improving patient outcomes.

Picture by: Yandex.com

Innovative Treatments and Technologies

Advances in Medical Devices

The development of advanced medical devices has significantly improved the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. One such innovation is the use of wearable technology to monitor heart health in real-time. Devices like smartwatches equipped with electrocardiogram (ECG) capabilities allow for continuous monitoring of heart rhythms, enabling early detection of abnormalities such as atrial fibrillation.

Additionally, the advent of minimally invasive procedures has revolutionized the treatment of heart conditions. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a prime example of such an innovation. TAVR allows for the replacement of a damaged aortic valve without the need for open-heart surgery, significantly reducing recovery times and improving patient outcomes.

Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Therapy

Regenerative medicine and stem cell therapy hold great promise for repairing damaged heart tissue and restoring heart function. Researchers are exploring the use of stem cells to regenerate heart muscle cells, thereby improving heart function in patients with heart failure.

A recent clinical trial published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology demonstrated the potential of stem cell therapy in improving heart function in patients with severe heart failure. The trial showed that patients who received stem cell injections experienced significant improvements in heart function and quality of life compared to those who received standard treatments.

Gene Editing and CRISPR Technology

Gene editing technologies, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, have opened new avenues for the treatment of genetic heart diseases. By precisely editing specific genes, researchers can potentially correct genetic mutations that cause heart conditions.

A pioneering study published in Nature demonstrated the successful use of CRISPR-Cas9 to correct a genetic mutation responsible for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in human embryos. While this research is still in its early stages, it holds immense potential for the future treatment of genetic heart diseases.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are transforming the field of cardiology by enhancing diagnostic accuracy and predicting patient outcomes. AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data from medical records, imaging studies, and wearable devices to identify patterns and predict the likelihood of cardiovascular events.

A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association highlighted the potential of AI in diagnosing heart disease. The study found that an AI algorithm outperformed cardiologists in accurately diagnosing heart conditions based on echocardiogram images. This technology has the potential to revolutionize the way heart diseases are diagnosed and treated, leading to earlier intervention and improved patient outcomes.

Lifestyle Interventions and Preventive Measures

The Role of Diet and Exercise

While medical advancements are crucial, lifestyle interventions remain a cornerstone of heart health. A heart-healthy diet and regular exercise are essential for preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases. The Mediterranean diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats, has been extensively studied for its cardiovascular benefits.

A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine found that individuals who adhered to a Mediterranean diet had a significantly lower risk of heart disease compared to those who followed a low-fat diet. Similarly, regular physical activity has been shown to improve cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure, improving cholesterol levels, and enhancing overall heart function.

Stress Management and Mental Health

Chronic stress and poor mental health are recognized risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Research has shown that stress can lead to unhealthy behaviors such as poor diet, physical inactivity, and smoking, all of which contribute to heart disease.

A study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association emphasized the importance of stress management techniques, such as mindfulness meditation and cognitive-behavioral therapy, in improving heart health. The study found that participants who practiced stress-reducing techniques experienced significant reductions in blood pressure and improved overall cardiovascular health.

Conclusion

The field of heart health research and treatments is rapidly evolving, with numerous advancements offering hope for better prevention, diagnosis, and management of cardiovascular diseases. From genetic insights and personalized medicine to innovative treatments and lifestyle interventions, the latest developments in heart health research are poised to revolutionize the field. By staying informed about these advancements and adopting heart-healthy habits, individuals can take proactive steps to protect their heart health and improve their overall well-being.

Author

Rolland Cohen

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health

The Role of Virtual Fitness Programs in 2024

Published

2 days ago

November 10, 2024

Rolland Cohen

Reviewed
By Harry Dickson

The Role of Virtual Fitness Programs in 2024

In recent years, the fitness industry has experienced a dramatic transformation, largely driven by advancements in technology and the increasing demand for accessible, flexible workout solutions. As we step into 2024, Virtual Fitness Programs have solidified their place as a cornerstone of modern fitness culture. This article explores the pivotal role these programs play in shaping the future of health and wellness, examining their benefits, challenges, and the trends that are likely to define their evolution.

The Rise of Virtual Fitness Programs

Virtual Fitness Programs have surged in popularity, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, which necessitated the closure of gyms and fitness centers worldwide. This period of social distancing and lockdowns accelerated the adoption of digital fitness solutions, as individuals sought ways to maintain their health and fitness from the safety of their homes.

Today, Virtual Fitness Programs encompass a wide range of activities, from live-streamed classes and on-demand workout videos to personalized training sessions and interactive fitness apps. These platforms offer a diverse array of exercise options, including yoga, pilates, strength training, cardio, and even niche activities like dance workouts and martial arts.

Benefits of Virtual Fitness Programs

Accessibility and Convenience

One of the primary advantages of Virtual Fitness Programs is their unparalleled accessibility. Regardless of geographical location or time constraints, individuals can access high-quality fitness content from the comfort of their homes. This convenience eliminates common barriers to exercise, such as long commutes to the gym or rigid class schedules, making it easier for people to incorporate fitness into their daily routines.

Cost-Effectiveness

Traditional gym memberships and personal training sessions can be expensive, often deterring individuals from pursuing regular exercise. Virtual Fitness Programs, on the other hand, offer a more cost-effective alternative. Many platforms provide subscription-based models with a vast library of workouts at a fraction of the cost of a gym membership. Additionally, there are numerous free resources available on platforms like YouTube, allowing users to access professional-grade fitness content without any financial commitment.

Personalization and Variety

Virtual Fitness Programs cater to a wide range of fitness levels and preferences, offering personalized workout plans and a diverse selection of classes. Advanced algorithms and AI-driven platforms can tailor workouts to individual goals, fitness levels, and even real-time performance metrics. This level of customization ensures that users remain engaged and motivated, as they can choose workouts that align with their specific interests and objectives.

Community and Social Interaction

Contrary to the perception that virtual fitness might be isolating, many programs foster a strong sense of community and social interaction. Live-streamed classes often include real-time chat features, allowing participants to connect with instructors and fellow exercisers. Social media integration and online forums further enhance this sense of community, providing spaces for users to share their progress, seek advice, and celebrate achievements together.

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Challenges and Considerations

Technological Barriers

While Virtual Fitness Programs offer numerous benefits, they are not without challenges. Access to reliable internet and appropriate devices is essential for participating in virtual workouts. In regions with limited technological infrastructure, this can pose a significant barrier. Additionally, older adults or those less familiar with digital platforms may find it challenging to navigate and utilize these programs effectively.

Quality Control and Safety

The proliferation of online fitness content has raised concerns about the quality and safety of workouts. Unlike in-person training, where instructors can provide immediate feedback and corrections, virtual programs rely on users to follow instructions accurately. This can increase the risk of improper form and potential injuries. To mitigate this, it is crucial for users to seek out reputable platforms with certified instructors and to approach new exercises with caution.

Motivation and Accountability

Staying motivated and accountable can be more challenging in a virtual setting. Without the physical presence of a trainer or the social environment of a gym, some individuals may struggle to maintain consistency in their workouts. To address this, many virtual fitness platforms incorporate features like progress tracking, goal-setting, and virtual challenges to help users stay on track. Additionally, engaging with online fitness communities can provide the necessary support and encouragement.

Trends Shaping Virtual Fitness Programs in 2024

Integration of Advanced Technologies

As technology continues to evolve, so too will Virtual Fitness Programs. The integration of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) is set to revolutionize the virtual fitness landscape. These technologies can create immersive workout experiences, transporting users to virtual environments that enhance engagement and motivation. For example, VR-based fitness games can turn exercise into an exciting adventure, making it more enjoyable and less of a chore.

Wearable Technology and Data Analytics

Wearable fitness devices, such as smartwatches and fitness trackers, are becoming increasingly sophisticated. These devices can monitor a wide range of metrics, including heart rate, calories burned, sleep patterns, and more. When integrated with virtual fitness platforms, this data can provide valuable insights into an individual’s progress and overall health. Personalized feedback and recommendations based on real-time data will further enhance the effectiveness of virtual workouts.

Hybrid Fitness Models

The future of fitness is likely to be a hybrid model that combines the best of both virtual and in-person experiences. Many fitness centers are already offering hybrid memberships, allowing members to attend physical classes while also accessing a library of virtual workouts. This approach provides the flexibility to choose between home-based and gym-based workouts, catering to diverse preferences and lifestyles.

Focus on Mental Health and Holistic Wellness

In 2024, there is a growing recognition of the interconnectedness between physical and mental health. Virtual Fitness Programs are increasingly incorporating elements of mindfulness, meditation, and mental wellness into their offerings. Programs that address stress management, mental resilience, and overall well-being are gaining traction, reflecting a more holistic approach to health and fitness.

Conclusion

Virtual Fitness Programs have undeniably transformed the fitness industry, offering accessible, cost-effective, and personalized workout solutions to a global audience. As we move further into 2024, the continued integration of advanced technologies, the rise of hybrid fitness models, and a greater emphasis on holistic wellness will shape the future of virtual fitness. While challenges remain, the benefits of these programs are substantial, providing a flexible and inclusive path to better health and well-being. Whether you are a fitness enthusiast or a beginner, Virtual Fitness Programs offer a wealth of opportunities to stay active, motivated, and connected in the digital age.