Technology

NASA seeks to build a quieter supersonic plane for passenger flight

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Published

8 years ago

July 25, 2017

Harris

Reviewed
By Robert David

Photo: Shutterstock

Introduction

Imagine boarding a plane that flies faster than the speed of sound, cutting transoceanic travel times in half, yet cruising overhead without the thunderous sonic boom that once grounded every commercial supersonic jet. This vision is at the heart of NASA’s latest effort to build a quieter supersonic plane for passenger flight. The agency’s X‑59 QueSST (Quiet SuperSonic Technology) demonstrator aims to prove that advanced designs can tame sonic booms, opening the door to routine supersonic travel over land. In this article, we’ll explore the history of supersonic flight, the problem of sonic booms, NASA’s innovative solutions, and what quieter supersonic aircraft could mean for the future of aviation.

A Brief History of Supersonic Flight

Supersonic flight entered the public imagination in 1947, when Chuck Yeager flew the Bell X‑1 beyond Mach 1. Commercial supersonic travel arrived in 1976 with the Concorde, which carried passengers across the Atlantic in under three hours. While the Concorde symbolized speed and luxury, it generated loud sonic booms that limited its routes to mostly oceanic paths. High operating costs, environmental concerns, and noise regulations led to its retirement in 2003. Since then, airlines and governments have eyed a return to supersonic travel—but only if the sonic boom problem can be solved.

Sonic Booms: The Barrier to Overland Supersonic Flights

When an aircraft travels faster than sound (about 767 miles per hour at sea level), it compresses air molecules into shockwaves. These shockwaves merge into two pressure “N-waves” that reach the ground as a sudden, thunder-like crack called a sonic boom. For communities under flight paths, repeated sonic booms can rattle windows, spook animals, and interrupt daily life. As a result, most countries ban supersonic flight over land. To expand supersonic routes, engineers must find a way to reduce the booms to acceptable levels or transform them into something barely noticeable.

NASA’s Mission: The X‑59 QueSST Demonstrator

In 2018, NASA selected Lockheed Martin’s Skunk Works to build the X‑59 QueSST. The name QueSST stands for Quiet SuperSonic Technology. Unlike past prototypes, the X‑59 prioritizes a low‑boom signature. NASA’s goal is to fly the plane at speeds up to Mach 1.4 (about 925 miles per hour) at altitudes around 55,000 feet. By reshaping the aircraft’s nose, fuselage, and engine inlets, engineers aim to stretch and weaken the shockwaves, creating a quieter “sonic thump” instead of a boom. The X‑59’s success could pave the way for regulators to reconsider overland supersonic rules.

Innovative Design Features for Quieter Booms

Key design elements help the X‑59 tame its sonic footprint:

Long, Needle‑Like Nose: A 30-foot conical nose reduces initial air compression, softening the leading shockwave.
Elongated Fuselage: By stretching the body, the shockwaves from different parts of the plane arrive at the ground more spread out in time.
Engine Placement and Shrouding: Engines are mounted atop the fuselage and use specialized inlets to shield shockwaves from the tail, lowering the overall noise.
Chine Extensions: Wing‑root extensions smooth airflow and manage pressure distribution along the plane’s length.

Together, these changes create multiple, weaker shockwaves that combine into a single, quieter thump rather than a sharp boom.

Testing and Validation Plans

NASA plans a multi‑phase test campaign for the X‑59:

Ground Tests: Initial engine runs and structural checks will confirm that systems work before flight.
Flight Envelope Expansion: Early flights at subsonic speeds check handling and controls.
Supersonic Trials: Achieving Mach 1.2 to 1.4, engineers will measure boom levels with on‑board sensors.
Community Response Flights: Finally, the X‑59 will fly over selected U.S. cities. Ground microphones and paired flight‑observation aircraft will record the thump and gather feedback from local residents.

By combining technical data with community surveys, NASA will provide regulators with evidence about acceptable noise levels and public willingness to accept quiet thumps.

Regulatory Path: Changing Overland Supersonic Rules

Current overland bans reflect sonic boom concerns from the Concorde era. NASA’s data from the X‑59 campaign aims to persuade the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and global bodies like the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to update noise standards. If regulators accept quiet‑boom metrics, new rules could allow commercial supersonic flights over land—reopening routes long closed to fast jets. These changes would spur designers and airlines to develop certified quiet supersonic transports for passengers and possibly cargo.

Commercial Potential and Industry Partnerships

Several aerospace companies have announced plans for quiet supersonic business jets and airliners. Firms such as Aerion, Boom Supersonic, and Spike Aerospace are developing their own designs, often collaborating with NASA on aerodynamic insights and noise testing. Quiet supersonic business jets could serve high‑end travelers first, proving the market and refining technology before larger airliners join the skies. Reduced travel times—New York to London in under three hours, for instance—promise to transform long‑distance business and leisure trips.

Environmental and Economic Impacts

Beyond noise, supersonic planes face environmental challenges, notably fuel efficiency and emissions. Flying faster and higher typically burns more fuel per passenger mile. However, modern engines and lightweight materials can mitigate some increases. Quiet supersonic designs may also encourage more direct routes, reducing overall flight time and fuel burn. Economically, high ticket prices initially mean niche markets, but as technology matures, costs could fall. Faster travel could boost global commerce and tourism, benefiting airline revenues and related industries.

Public Acceptance: Gauging Community Views

NASA’s community response flights represent a vital step. By inviting residents to rate the noise and describe any disturbance, researchers can test acceptance levels for quiet thumps. Early studies suggest people find a soft, muffled sound far less jarring than a full boom. Outreach events and surveys will record whether cities would welcome regular supersonic traffic overhead. Positive responses would strengthen NASA’s case for regulatory change and encourage airlines to invest in new fleets.

Future Timeline and Next Steps

The X‑59 is scheduled to make its first flight in the mid‑2020s. Following successful test campaigns, NASA will deliver data to the FAA around 2027. If regulations shift, prototype supersonic airliners could enter service in the early 2030s. Meanwhile, aerospace companies are refining cabin layouts, safety systems, and airport compatibility. Passengers might first experience sound‑dampened supersonic hops on business routes, with larger fleets arriving later. Throughout this decade, engineers will focus on balancing speed, sustainability, and community impact.

Conclusion

NASA’s quest to build a quieter supersonic plane represents a major step toward restoring fast passenger travel without the disruptive sonic booms of the past. By flying the X‑59 QueSST demonstrator and gathering both technical data and community feedback, the agency aims to convince regulators and the public that a soft thump can replace a thunderous boom. If successful, this effort could revolutionize long‑distance flights, cutting travel times dramatically while respecting noise limits. As design and testing progress, the dream of routine, quiet supersonic passenger flights moves closer to reality—ushering in a new era of high‑speed, low‑impact air travel.

Author

Harris

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Related Topics:Airplanes NASA Passenger Tech

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Need Assistance? Here’s How to Call Epson For Support

Published

16 hours ago

September 11, 2025

adamsmithh

Reviewed
By Skye Harper

Introduction

Epson has earned a global reputation as one of the most reliable brands in the printing and imaging industry. From advanced EcoTank printers to professional WorkForce models and compact Expression series devices, Epson provides high-quality solutions for homes, businesses, and educational institutions. However, even the most dependable printers are not free from occasional glitches. When problems arise, knowing how to contact Epson Customer Service Number +1-804-460-7160, Epson Printer Customer Service Number +1-804-460-7160, Epson Printer Helpline +1-804-460-7160, and Epson Printer Helpline Number +1-804-460-7160 becomes crucial for quick resolutions.

Click Here For Live Chat With Epson Agent

This guide explains the importance of Epson’s customer support services, the types of issues they can resolve, and how you can use these official numbers and helplines to get effective assistance.

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Final Thoughts

Printers are essential tools for work, study, and personal use, but they can also be sources of frustration when they stop working correctly. Thankfully, Epson provides reliable support channels through the Epson Customer Service Number, Epson Printer Customer Service Number, Epson Printer Helpline +1-804-460-7160, and Epson Printer Helpline Number.

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adamsmithh

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Technology

Harnessing Sustainable Energy with Solar Panels in Pascoe Vale

Published

2 days ago

September 10, 2025

melbournesolarpanel

Reviewed
By Eliana Hazel

Introduction

In recent years, the adoption of renewable energy has become more than just a trend—it’s a necessity. Homeowners and businesses in Pascoe Vale are increasingly turning to solar energy solutions to reduce electricity bills, promote environmental sustainability, and secure energy independence. Solar panels are now a common sight on rooftops across the suburb, reflecting a growing awareness of their long-term benefits. If you’re considering making the switch, understanding the advantages of solar panels Pascoe Vale, solar power Pascoe Vale, and professional solar panel installation Pascoe Vale is essential.

Why Choose Solar Panels in Pascoe Vale?

Pascoe Vale, like many parts of Victoria, enjoys abundant sunlight throughout the year. This makes solar energy a highly efficient and cost-effective solution for households and businesses alike. By investing in solar panels Pascoe Vale, residents can harness clean, renewable energy directly from the sun. Modern solar panels are designed to maximize energy absorption even on cloudy days, ensuring a consistent supply of electricity.

Adopting solar energy not only helps lower utility bills but also reduces your carbon footprint. With climate change concerns growing worldwide, switching to solar power is a proactive step toward sustainability. Moreover, the Victorian government offers incentives and rebates for solar panel installations, making it financially attractive to upgrade your energy system.

Benefits of Solar Power in Pascoe Vale

Cost Savings: One of the primary reasons homeowners opt for solar energy is the significant reduction in electricity costs. By generating your own power, you rely less on the grid, leading to lower monthly bills.
Environmental Impact: Solar energy is a clean and renewable source. Using solar power Pascoe Vale helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to a greener, healthier community.
Energy Independence: Installing solar panels allows you to produce your own electricity. This means less vulnerability to energy price hikes and supply disruptions.
Increased Property Value: Homes equipped with solar panels often see higher property values. Potential buyers recognize the long-term savings and sustainability benefits, making your property more appealing.
Government Incentives: Victoria offers various rebates and incentives for solar panel installations, allowing homeowners to offset the initial investment. Programs like the Small-scale Renewable Energy Scheme (SRES) make solar energy more accessible to everyone.

Choosing the Right Solar Panel Installation in Pascoe Vale

When it comes to solar panel installation Pascoe Vale, selecting a reliable and experienced provider is crucial. Professional installers ensure your system is safe, efficient, and compliant with local regulations. Poor installation can lead to reduced efficiency, electrical hazards, and costly repairs in the future.

A reputable installer will:

Assess your property and energy requirements
Recommend the right type and number of panels for optimal efficiency
Handle all permits and regulatory compliance
Provide maintenance guidance and support

Additionally, professional installation ensures your solar system is compatible with modern technologies, such as battery storage solutions, which allow you to store excess energy for later use.

Types of Solar Panels Available in Pascoe Vale

Solar panels come in various types, each with its advantages. Understanding the options can help you make an informed decision:

Monocrystalline Solar Panels: These panels offer high efficiency and a sleek design. They perform well in limited space and are ideal for homeowners who want maximum energy output from a smaller area.
Polycrystalline Solar Panels: Slightly less efficient but more affordable, these panels are a popular choice for budget-conscious homeowners.
Thin-Film Solar Panels: Lightweight and flexible, thin-film panels are suited for unique roofing structures and can integrate seamlessly into building designs.

Your installer can help determine which option best suits your energy needs, roof type, and budget.

Maintenance and Longevity

Solar panels are designed for durability and minimal maintenance. Regular cleaning and periodic inspections are typically sufficient to maintain optimal performance. Most solar panels come with a warranty of 20-25 years, ensuring long-term reliability.

Investing in solar power also prepares your property for the future. As energy demands rise and fossil fuel costs increase, having a self-sustaining energy system provides security and long-term savings.

Why Solar Energy is a Smart Investment in Pascoe Vale

The combination of financial benefits, environmental responsibility, and energy independence makes solar energy a smart investment. Residents of Pascoe Vale are discovering that switching to solar panels Pascoe Vale is not just an eco-friendly choice but also a practical one.

Whether you’re looking to reduce electricity bills, contribute to a sustainable future, or increase your property’s value, solar power offers a comprehensive solution. By choosing professional solar panel installation Pascoe Vale, you ensure your system operates at maximum efficiency while receiving expert guidance and support.

Conclusion

Switching to solar energy is more than just installing panels on your roof—it’s a lifestyle change that promotes sustainability, financial savings, and energy independence. Pascoe Vale residents can benefit from the latest solar technology, government incentives, and professional installation services to make the most of their energy investment.

Take the first step toward a greener future today. Explore the possibilities of solar panels Pascoe Vale, harness the power of the sun with solar power Pascoe Vale, and rely on expert solar panel installation Pascoe Vale services for a seamless, efficient energy solution.

Author

melbournesolarpanel

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Technology

Internal Hard Drive Guide | IT and Computer Hardware Essentials

Published

3 days ago

September 9, 2025

harry02

Reviewed
By Remi Emerson

Introduction

In the vast and intricate ecosystem of IT Hardware, few components are as fundamental and critical as the Internal Hard Drive. It is the digital library of your life, the silent vault where your operating system, applications, documents, photos, and memories reside. While the CPU is the brain and the RAM is the quick-thinking short-term memory, the internal hard drive is the long-term knowledge and experiences that define a system’s capabilities. For anyone involved in specifying, building, or maintaining systems, a deep understanding of this crucial piece of Computer Hardware is non-negotiable. This guide will delve into everything you need to know about the Internal Hard Drive, from its spinning platter origins to the lightning-fast solid-state present, helping you make an informed decision for your next upgrade or build and tech.

What is an Internal Hard Drive?

An Internal Hard Drive is a non-volatile data storage device installed inside a computer or server. Its primary function is to permanently store and retrieve digital information. “Non-volatile” means it retains data even when the power is turned off, unlike RAM, which is cleared. This makes it the cornerstone of permanent storage in any computing device. Every piece of software you run and every file you create is read from or written to this device. The speed, capacity, and reliability of your Internal Hard Drive directly impact your system’s boot times, application loading speeds, file transfer rates, and overall responsiveness. In the professional realm of IT Hardware, selecting the right type of drive is a key decision that balances performance, capacity, cost, and durability for specific workloads.

A Brief History: From Gigantic to Microscopic

The journey of the Internal Hard Drive is a story of remarkable technological evolution. The first commercial hard drive, the IBM 350 Disk File, debuted in 1956. It was the size of two large refrigerators, weighed over a ton, and stored a mere 5 megabytes of data. The term “hard drive” was coined to distinguish these devices from “floppy” disk drives, which used flexible magnetic media. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, drives became smaller (moving from 5.25-inch to 3.5-inch and 2.5-inch form factors), capacities grew exponentially, and the interfaces evolved dramatically. The real revolution began in the 2000s with the advent of the Solid-State Drive (SSD), which eliminated moving parts entirely. This shift has been the most significant change in consumer and enterprise Computer Hardware storage in decades, offering unprecedented performance leaps.

The Two Titans: HDD vs. SSD

When discussing an Internal Hard Drive today, you are almost certainly talking about one of two distinct technologies: the Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or the Solid-State Drive (SSD). Each has its own advantages, disadvantages, and ideal use cases.

1. Hard Disk Drive (HDD): The Workhorse of Capacity

The HDD is the traditional magnetic storage device. It consists of one or more rigid, rapidly spinning platters coated with a magnetic material. A read/write head on an actuator arm floats nanometers above the spinning platter surface to read and write data.

How it Works: Data is stored magnetically on the platters. The drive must spin the platters (typically at 5,400 RPM for laptops or 7,200 RPM for desktops, with enterprise drives reaching 10,000 or 15,000 RPM) and move the mechanical arm to the correct position to access data. This process is inherently mechanical and physical.

Advantages:

Cost per Gigabyte: This is the HDD’s single biggest advantage. HDDs are significantly cheaper than SSDs for the same amount of storage. You can acquire multi-terabyte drives for a fraction of the cost of a comparable SSD.
High Maximum Capacity: For massive storage needs, HDDs are still king. Consumer drives are readily available up to 22TB, and enterprise drives go even higher.
Longevity of Stored Data: If stored properly and without power, data on a magnetic platter can remain stable for decades.

Disadvantages:

Speed: This is the HDD’s biggest weakness. The mechanical nature creates physical latency (seek time) and limits data transfer rates.
Fragility: The moving parts make HDDs susceptible to damage from shock, vibration, and being moved while operating.
Noise and Power: The spinning platters and moving arms generate audible noise and consume more power than an SSD.
Heat: The moving components and the motor generate more heat.

Ideal For: Mass storage, media libraries, file archives, backup drives, and budget-conscious builds where sheer capacity is more important than raw speed.

2. Solid-State Drive (SSD): The Speed Demon

The SSD is the modern successor, representing a paradigm shift in Internal Hard Drive technology. It has no moving parts. Instead, it uses interconnected flash memory chips (similar to USB drives or smartphone storage) to store data electronically.

How it Works: Data is stored in microchips using NAND flash memory. Accessing data is a purely electronic process, eliminating the mechanical delays of an HDD. This allows for near-instantaneous access times.

Advantages:

Blazing Speed: This is the SSD’s defining feature. Boot times, application launches, and file transfers are orders of magnitude faster.
Durability: With no moving parts, SSDs are highly resistant to shock, vibration, and physical wear and tear, making them ideal for laptops.
Silent Operation: The absence of moving parts means completely silent operation.
Power Efficiency: SSDs consume less power, which can lead to longer battery life in laptops and lower energy costs in data centers.
Heat: They generate significantly less heat than HDDs.

Disadvantages:

Cost per Gigabyte: SSDs are more expensive than HDDs for the same capacity, though the gap continues to narrow.
Long-Term Storage: An SSD that is left unpowered for extended periods (years) can potentially lose data, though this is rarely a concern for active drives.

Ideal For: Operating system drives, primary application drives, gaming, high-performance workstations, and any situation where speed and responsiveness are critical.

How to Choose the Right Internal Hard Drive

Selecting the right Internal Hard Drive is about balancing your needs, budget, and system compatibility. Ask yourself these questions:

What is my primary use case?

OS and Primary Drive: An SSD is non-negotiable. Even a SATA SSD is a life-changing upgrade from an HDD. For the best experience, an NVMe SSD is ideal.
Gaming: Modern games benefit hugely from fast storage, reducing load times. A 1TB or 2TB NVMe SSD is the gamer’s choice.
Mass Media Storage: For photos, videos, music, and game libraries, a high-capacity HDD provides the most cost-effective solution.
Professional Workloads (Video Editing, 3D Rendering): Requires a combination of a fast NVMe SSD for active projects and scratch disks, and large HDDs for archiving completed projects.

The Future of Internal Storage

The evolution of the Internal Hard Drive is far from over. Several emerging technologies are poised to shape the future of Computer Hardware storage:

QLC NAND and Beyond: Quad-Level Cell (QLC) NAND flash packs even more data into each cell, driving SSD capacities higher and costs lower, though often with a trade-off in endurance and speed. PLC (Penta-Level Cell) is the next step.
NVMe over PCIe 5.0 and 6.0: The next generations of the PCIe interface double the bandwidth again, with drives already hitting the market with sequential read speeds exceeding 12,000 MB/s and beyond.
HAMR and MAMR: For HDDs, new technologies like Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR) and Microwave-Assisted Magnetic Recording (MAMR) are enabling continued increases in platter density, pushing HDD capacities to 30TB, 40TB, and beyond for cold storage in data centers.
Computational Storage: This emerging concept moves processing power directly onto the storage drive itself, allowing it to perform data-related tasks without burdening the CPU, potentially revolutionizing data center efficiency.

Conclusion: Making an Informed Choice

The humble Internal Hard Drive has undergone a revolution, transforming from a slow, mechanical device into a lightning-fast electronic marvel. Today, the choice isn’t about whether to get an SSD, but what kind of SSD to get for your primary storage, and what size HDD to pair it with for your bulk data needs. Understanding the differences between HDD and SSD, the nuances of form factors like M.2, and the critical importance of interfaces like SATA and NVMe empowers you to build or upgrade a system that is perfectly tailored to your requirements. Whether you’re a casual user, a hardcore gamer, or an IT Hardware professional managing an enterprise fleet, investing in the right storage is investing in the overall performance and satisfaction of your computing experience. Choose wisely, and never forget to back up your data.