Finance
The impact of Turkey’s current account deficit on global markets and investors
Are you curious about the ripple effect of Turkey’s current account deficit on global markets and investors? Look no further! In this blog post, we will explore how Turkey’s economic challenges are shaking up the financial world. Join us as we examine the implications of this deficit on investment strategies, currency fluctuations, and more. Get ready to gain a deeper understanding of one of today’s hot topics in finance!
Turkey’s current account deficit
Turkey’s current account deficit is one of the biggest concerns for global markets and investors. The country has been running a deficit since 2011 and it reached a record high of $47.5 billion in 2016. This was equivalent to 5.7% of Turkey’s GDP.
The main reason for Turkey’s current account deficit is its large trade deficit. In 2016, Turkey’s imports totaled $229 billion while its exports were only $157 billion. This trade deficit accounted for around 70% of Turkey’s overall current account deficit.
Turkey relies heavily on imported energy and this is one of the main drivers of its trade deficit. Turkey import around 60% of its total energy needs. It also has to import most of the raw materials and intermediate goods needed for its manufacturing sector.
The other major contributor to Turkey’s current account deficit is its tourism industry. In 2016, Turkey welcomed around 40 million foreign tourists who spent a total of $22 billion. This tourism revenue does not cover the costs associated with hosting these tourists, resulting in a net outflow of funds from Turkey.
The large current account deficit is a cause for concern as it makes Turkey very vulnerable to external shocks such as a sharp deterioration in global economic conditions or an unexpected increase in interest rates. If either of these events were to occur, it could put immense pressure on the Turkish lira and trigger a currency crisis.
The effect of the deficit on global markets and investors
Turkey’s current account deficit is a cause for concern among global markets and investors. The deficit reached a record high of $61.3 billion in the first quarter of 2018, representing 4.5% of GDP. This is up from $47.1 billion in the fourth quarter of 2017, and $34.6 billion in the first quarter of 2017. The increase in the deficit is due to a combination of factors, including higher oil prices, lower tourism revenue, and weaker-than-expected economic growth.
The current account deficit puts pressure on Turkey’s currency, the lira, which has lost about 15% of its value against the US dollar since January 2018. This makes it more expensive for Turkey to service its debt, which is denominated in dollars and euros. It also makes Turkish exports less competitive on global markets. In addition, the current account deficit makes Turkey vulnerable to capital outflows if global investors lose confidence in the country’s economy.
The effect of Turkey’s current account deficit on global markets and investors is two-fold. First, it puts downward pressure on the Turkish lira, which can lead to inflationary pressures as imported goods become more expensive. Second, it increases Turkey’s vulnerability to capital outflows if global investor confidence deteriorates further.
What can be done to mitigate the impact of the deficit?
Turkey’s current account deficit is one of the most pressing problems facing the country today. The deficit reached a new high of $47.1 billion in the third quarter of 2016, and if left unchecked, it could have devastating consequences for Turkey’s economy and for global markets.
There are a number of measures that can be taken to mitigate the impact of the deficit, including:
– Reducing government spending: This will help to reduce the overall size of the deficit and make it more manageable.
– Increasing taxes: This will generate additional revenue to help offset the deficit.
– Encouraging exports: This will help to boost Turkey’s GDP and reduce its reliance on imported goods and services.
– Attracting foreign investment: This will bring much-needed capital into Turkey and help to finance the deficit.
Conclusion
Overall, Turkey’s current account deficit has had a significant impact on global markets and investors worldwide. Investors need to be aware of the potential risks associated with investing in Turkish assets and be prepared to take necessary steps if needed. In addition, it is essential for governments and international organizations to continue their efforts in helping Turkey tackle its economic challenges by providing financial assistance and promoting trade liberalization policies. With careful consideration of both the positives and negatives associated with this issue, there is no doubt that taking appropriate action can help ensure continued stability in global markets going forward.
Finance
How to Achieve Financial Independence A Complete Guide
Achieving financial independence is a goal many people strive for. It’s about having enough income to cover your living expenses without needing to rely on a paycheck. Financial independence offers freedom, security, and the opportunity to live life on your terms. While it may seem challenging, with the right strategy and mindset, anyone can achieve it. In this article, we’ll explore how to achieve financial independence step by step and provide key insights on managing your money wisely.
What is Financial Independence?
Financial independence refers to the state of having enough financial resources to support your lifestyle without depending on active employment. It means that you have savings, investments, or passive income sources that can sustain you for the rest of your life. This level of financial security allows individuals to make decisions based on personal desires rather than financial constraints.
Steps to Achieve Financial Independence
Achieving financial independence requires commitment, discipline, and a well-planned strategy. Below are the essential steps that will guide you toward reaching your financial goals.
1. Assess Your Current Financial Situation
The first step toward financial independence is understanding where you stand financially. Review your current income, expenses, debts, and savings. This can give you a clear idea of how far you are from reaching financial independence and what adjustments need to be made.
Key Actions:
- Track all your income and expenses using a budgeting app or a simple spreadsheet.
- Assess your debt, including credit cards, mortgages, student loans, and any other liabilities.
- Calculate your net worth by subtracting your total liabilities from your total assets.
2. Set Financial Goals
To achieve financial independence, you need to define what it looks like for you. Setting specific, measurable, and realistic goals can help you stay focused. For example, you might aim to have a certain amount saved by retirement or to pay off all your debts within a specific timeframe.
Key Actions:
- Set both short-term and long-term financial goals (e.g., pay off debt, save for retirement, build an emergency fund).
- Use the SMART criteria—Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound—to create actionable goals.
- Review and adjust your goals regularly based on your progress.
3. Create a Budget and Stick to It
A solid budget is the foundation of financial independence. It helps you track where your money is going and ensures you’re living within your means. Without a budget, it’s easy to overspend and derail your progress.
Key Actions:
- List all your sources of income and categorize your expenses (fixed expenses like rent and utilities, and variable expenses like groceries and entertainment).
- Use the 50/30/20 budgeting rule, where 50% of your income goes to needs, 30% to wants, and 20% to savings and debt repayment.
- Cut down on non-essential expenses and direct the savings towards your financial goals.
4. Pay Off High-Interest Debt
Debt, especially high-interest debt like credit card debt, is one of the biggest obstacles to financial independence. The more debt you have, the more interest you’re paying, which can slow your progress toward your goals.
Key Actions:
- Focus on paying off high-interest debt first. Use strategies like the Debt Avalanche (paying off debts with the highest interest rates first) or the Debt Snowball (paying off small debts first to gain momentum).
- Avoid accumulating new debt by limiting credit card usage and using cash or debit cards instead.
5. Build an Emergency Fund
An emergency fund provides a financial cushion in case of unexpected expenses such as medical emergencies, job loss, or major home repairs. Having an emergency fund ensures that you won’t have to rely on credit cards or loans when the unexpected happens.
Key Actions:
- Aim to save at least 3-6 months’ worth of living expenses in a separate, easily accessible savings account.
- Start small if needed. Even setting aside a little each month can help build your emergency fund over time.
6. Increase Your Income Streams
Having multiple income streams can accelerate your journey to financial independence. In addition to your main job, consider other ways to earn money, such as side gigs, freelance work, or investments in stocks, real estate, or small businesses.
Key Actions:
- Explore ways to increase your salary through promotions or job changes.
- Invest in dividend-paying stocks or rental properties that provide passive income.
- Start a side business or freelance in your area of expertise to diversify your income.
7. Invest Wisely
Investing is a powerful tool for achieving financial independence. The earlier you start, the more time your money has to grow. A diversified investment portfolio can provide a steady stream of passive income and grow your wealth over time.
Key Actions:
- Educate yourself on different investment options such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, real estate, and index funds.
- Automate your investments by contributing to retirement accounts like a 401(k) or IRA.
- Consider hiring a financial advisor to help create an investment strategy aligned with your goals.
8. Plan for Retirement
Financial independence often includes planning for a comfortable retirement. Calculate how much you’ll need to live on during retirement and work toward building that savings. This includes contributing to retirement accounts and taking advantage of employer matches, if available.
Key Actions:
- Use retirement calculators to estimate how much you’ll need based on your current lifestyle and future goals.
- Maximize your retirement savings by contributing to tax-advantaged accounts like a 401(k), IRA, or Roth IRA.
- Review your retirement plan regularly and adjust contributions if necessary.
Analysis Table: Steps to Achieve Financial Independence
Steps | Description |
---|---|
Assess Financial Situation | Evaluate current income, expenses, debts, and assets to establish a clear baseline. |
Set Financial Goals | Define short-term and long-term financial objectives. |
Create a Budget | Plan income and expenses; stick to the budget to manage spending. |
Pay Off High-Interest Debt | Focus on paying off debts with high interest to reduce financial burden. |
Build an Emergency Fund | Save 3-6 months of living expenses for financial security during emergencies. |
Increase Income Streams | Diversify income through side hustles, investments, or job advancements. |
Invest Wisely | Invest in stocks, bonds, and other financial instruments for wealth growth. |
Plan for Retirement | Save and invest specifically for post-retirement life to maintain financial independence. |
Comparative Table: Financial Independence Strategies
Strategy | Pros | Cons |
---|---|---|
Budgeting | Helps control spending and directs funds to savings | Can be time-consuming and difficult to maintain. |
Debt Repayment | Reduces financial stress and improves credit score | Requires sacrificing current spending for future financial freedom. |
Emergency Fund | Provides financial security during unexpected events | Takes time to build, may not generate returns like investments. |
Increasing Income Streams | Accelerates savings and reduces reliance on a single source | May require significant time and effort in the beginning. |
Investing | Grows wealth over time through compound interest | Involves risk and requires knowledge to avoid poor investments. |
Retirement Planning | Ensures long-term financial independence in old age | Requires long-term commitment and discipline to achieve goals. |
Conclusion
Achieving financial independence is a journey that requires careful planning, discipline, and patience. By assessing your current financial situation, setting achievable goals, creating a budget, paying off debt, and building an emergency fund, you can begin your path to financial freedom. Diversifying your income streams, investing wisely, and planning for retirement are critical strategies that will help you reach your destination. Remember, financial independence is not just about wealth; it’s about the freedom to live life on your own terms.
Finance
The Growth of Financial Education Programs Empowering
In today’s fast-paced world, financial literacy has become an essential skill. The rising complexity of financial products, the surge in digital banking, and the importance of personal financial management have made it crucial for consumers to gain a better understanding of how to handle their finances. In response to these growing needs, financial education programs have emerged, offering individuals the tools and knowledge to make informed financial decisions. This article explores the growth of financial education programs, their impact on empowering consumers, and the key elements driving their success
1. Introduction to Financial Education
Financial education refers to the process of enhancing financial literacy through formal or informal programs. It equips individuals with the knowledge needed to make sound financial decisions, such as budgeting, saving, investing, and understanding financial risks. Over the last few decades, the focus on financial education has grown significantly as societies and economies become increasingly reliant on personal financial responsibility.
Financial education programs are designed to provide practical guidance, helping individuals navigate complex financial landscapes and avoid pitfalls such as excessive debt or poor investment choices. These programs often cover a wide range of topics, from basic money management to advanced investment strategies.
2. The Rising Importance of Financial Literacy
Financial literacy is no longer a luxury; it’s a necessity. With increasing access to credit, the proliferation of financial products, and the shift toward digital banking and payments, individuals are now faced with more financial decisions than ever before. Unfortunately, many people struggle with understanding these financial products and how they work, leading to debt accumulation, poor saving habits, and insufficient retirement planning.
A lack of financial literacy can have dire consequences on individuals’ well-being. Research shows that individuals who are financially literate tend to have lower levels of debt, higher savings rates, and a greater sense of financial security. Consequently, financial education programs have become an essential tool for mitigating these risks and ensuring that consumers are empowered to make better financial decisions.
3. The Role of Financial Education Programs
Financial education programs are designed to bridge the gap between consumers’ financial needs and their understanding of financial concepts. These programs are offered by various institutions, including governments, educational institutions, nonprofit organizations, and financial institutions. Their goal is to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills they need to manage their money effectively.
Some of the key areas covered in financial education programs include:
- Budgeting and money management
- Debt management and credit understanding
- Investment and retirement planning
- Risk management and insurance
- Taxation basics
The format of these programs can vary, ranging from in-person workshops and seminars to online courses, mobile apps, and interactive learning platforms. The rise of technology has further expanded the accessibility of financial education, allowing more people to engage with these resources on their own time.
4. Key Elements of Successful Financial Education Programs
Not all financial education programs are equally effective. The success of a program depends on several key factors, including:
- Relevance: Programs must address the specific financial challenges and needs of the target audience, such as saving for retirement or managing student loans.
- Accessibility: Financial education should be easily accessible to everyone, regardless of their background or location. This means offering a variety of delivery methods, including online resources, mobile apps, and in-person workshops.
- Engagement: Engaging content, interactive tools, and real-life scenarios help learners better understand and retain financial concepts.
- Customization: Financial education programs should cater to the unique financial situations of individuals, whether they are young adults just starting out or retirees managing their savings.
- Follow-Up Support: Continuous support and resources ensure that participants can apply what they’ve learned to real-life financial decisions.
Successful programs focus not only on imparting knowledge but also on changing financial behaviors and mindsets, ensuring that individuals feel empowered to take control of their financial futures.
5. The Global Expansion of Financial Education Initiatives
Around the world, governments, financial institutions, and educational organizations are recognizing the importance of financial literacy. As a result, there has been a marked increase in the number of financial education initiatives globally. For example, the U.S. government has implemented initiatives such as the Financial Literacy and Education Commission, which promotes financial education through public-private partnerships.
Similarly, in Europe, organizations like the OECD are actively promoting financial literacy among member states. In emerging economies, such as in Africa and Asia, financial education programs are often linked to broader financial inclusion initiatives, aimed at bringing banking services to underbanked populations.
These global initiatives reflect the growing recognition that financial education is essential for promoting economic stability and reducing inequality. Countries that have invested in financial education have reported improvements in financial decision-making, higher savings rates, and reduced debt levels among their citizens.
6. Impact on Consumer Behavior and Financial Empowerment
Financial education programs have had a positive impact on consumer behavior. Studies have shown that individuals who participate in such programs are more likely to engage in positive financial behaviors, such as saving for emergencies, avoiding high-interest debt, and investing in retirement accounts.
Moreover, financial education programs empower consumers by providing them with the tools and confidence to make informed financial decisions. This empowerment is particularly important in today’s financial landscape, where consumers are bombarded with complex products and services that can easily lead to confusion or exploitation without proper knowledge.
Empowered consumers are more likely to take charge of their financial futures, leading to greater financial security and reduced reliance on credit or social welfare programs.
7. Challenges and Limitations of Financial Education Programs
Despite their benefits, financial education programs are not without challenges. One of the main limitations is that financial education alone may not be sufficient to change behavior. Financial decisions are often influenced by emotional, social, and economic factors that cannot be addressed through education alone.
Additionally, some financial education programs may not be accessible to everyone, especially in low-income communities or rural areas. This can perpetuate financial inequality, as those who need the most help may not have access to the resources they need.
Another challenge is the complexity of the financial system itself. Even with financial education, some consumers may still struggle to understand complex financial products, such as mortgages or insurance policies. Therefore, it is essential for financial education programs to be designed in a way that simplifies these concepts for everyday consumers.
8. The Future of Financial Education
Looking ahead, the future of financial education is promising. With the advancement of technology, financial education programs are becoming more interactive, personalized, and accessible. Mobile apps, gamification, and AI-driven financial advice are some of the tools that are making financial education more engaging and effective.
Furthermore, there is increasing recognition of the need for financial education at a young age. Many schools are now incorporating financial literacy into their curricula, ensuring that students are equipped with the financial skills they need to succeed in adulthood.
As financial education programs continue to evolve, they will play an increasingly important role in promoting financial well-being and empowering consumers to navigate the complexities of modern finance.
Comparative Analysis Table: Financial Education Program Impact
Aspect | Before Financial Education | After Financial Education |
---|---|---|
Savings Rate | Low to moderate savings, with a focus on consumption. | Increased savings rate, with greater focus on long-term planning. |
Debt Management | High levels of debt, often due to lack of understanding of interest rates. | Improved debt management, lower levels of high-interest debt. |
Investment Behavior | Limited or no investment in retirement or savings plans. | Higher participation in investment products, such as retirement accounts. |
Financial Confidence | Low confidence in managing personal finances. | Increased confidence, leading to proactive financial decisions. |
Emergency Fund Preparedness | Little to no emergency savings. | Higher rates of emergency fund creation and savings. |
Analysis Table: Key Factors in Effective Financial Education Programs
Factor | Importance | Description |
---|---|---|
Relevance | High | Ensures the program addresses specific needs of the target audience. |
Accessibility | Medium | Makes the program available to all individuals, regardless of location or background. |
Engagement | High | Keeps participants motivated and helps retain information. |
Customization | High | Tailors content to the unique financial situations of participants. |
Follow-up Support | Medium | Provides ongoing resources and support to reinforce learning. |
By examining the growth of financial education programs, we can see their vital role in helping individuals navigate the complex financial world. As these programs continue to evolve and expand, they will provide even greater opportunities for consumers to achieve financial independence and security.
Finance
The Role of Financial Services in Green Initiatives
In recent years, the growing awareness of environmental issues has prompted businesses, governments, and individuals to take action to protect the planet. One of the most significant ways to combat climate change is through the integration of sustainable practices within various sectors. The financial services industry has become a key player in this transformation, supporting green initiatives and driving investments in environmentally friendly projects. This approach, often referred to as Green Finance, is gaining momentum as financial institutions and investors recognize the economic benefits and moral imperative of supporting sustainability.
What is Green Finance?
Green Finance refers to financial investments that support environmentally sustainable projects, such as renewable energy, clean technologies, and resource-efficient practices. It encompasses a wide range of financial products and services, including green bonds, climate-focused investment funds, and sustainable banking solutions. The main objective of Green Finance is to mitigate environmental degradation while promoting economic growth.
By directing capital toward green initiatives, financial institutions contribute to reducing carbon emissions, conserving natural resources, and fostering long-term sustainability. This growing trend in the finance sector underscores the critical role that financial services play in driving the global shift toward a greener future.
Why Green Finance is Important
As climate change continues to pose significant risks to economies and communities, the importance of Green Finance cannot be overstated. The financial services industry has the ability to allocate funds to projects that will have a positive environmental impact. In doing so, it plays a key role in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and supporting the transition to a low-carbon economy.
Key Reasons for the Importance of Green Finance:
- Environmental Sustainability: It encourages investment in projects that protect and enhance the environment, such as renewable energy sources, energy-efficient infrastructure, and sustainable agriculture.
- Economic Growth: Investing in green projects creates new job opportunities, stimulates innovation, and drives the development of eco-friendly industries.
- Risk Mitigation: By financing green initiatives, financial institutions help mitigate environmental risks that can lead to economic instability, such as extreme weather events or resource shortages.
- Compliance with Regulations: Governments worldwide are increasingly adopting climate-related policies and regulations. Green Finance enables businesses to comply with these regulations and avoid penalties.
Types of Green Finance Instruments
Green Finance comes in various forms, offering financial products and services that are specifically designed to support environmentally sustainable projects. The following are the most common types of Green Finance instruments:
1. Green Bonds
Green bonds are debt instruments used to raise capital for projects with environmental benefits. They allow governments, corporations, and financial institutions to finance projects such as wind farms, solar energy plants, and water conservation initiatives. The proceeds from these bonds are strictly allocated to green projects.
2. Sustainable Loans
Sustainable loans are credit facilities provided by financial institutions to fund environmentally friendly ventures. These loans may offer favorable terms, such as lower interest rates, to encourage borrowers to invest in green projects.
3. Green Investment Funds
Green investment funds pool capital from investors to finance a variety of environmental projects, such as renewable energy infrastructure and clean technologies. These funds offer investors the opportunity to earn returns while contributing to environmental sustainability.
4. Carbon Credits
Carbon credits are tradeable certificates that represent the reduction of one metric ton of carbon dioxide emissions. Financial institutions play a role in carbon trading by facilitating the exchange of these credits, helping businesses offset their carbon footprint.
5. Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Investing
ESG investing involves evaluating a company’s environmental, social, and governance practices before making investment decisions. Investors increasingly favor companies with strong sustainability credentials, leading to higher demand for financial products that integrate ESG considerations.
How Financial Institutions are Supporting Green Initiatives
Financial institutions are at the forefront of advancing green initiatives by channeling funds to eco-friendly projects and adopting sustainable practices themselves. Below are some ways in which they are driving the green agenda:
1. Financing Renewable Energy Projects
Banks and investment firms are financing large-scale renewable energy projects, such as wind and solar farms, to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. This not only contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions but also helps diversify energy sources.
2. Sustainable Banking Practices
Many banks are integrating sustainability into their operations by reducing their carbon footprint, offering green banking products, and supporting environmental causes. For example, some banks provide green loans to individuals and businesses for energy-efficient homes, electric vehicles, and eco-friendly technologies.
3. Green Investment Portfolios
Financial advisors are increasingly offering green investment portfolios that allow clients to invest in companies and projects that align with their environmental values. These portfolios often prioritize companies with strong ESG ratings, driving demand for sustainable business practices.
4. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Initiatives
Many financial institutions have incorporated green initiatives into their CSR strategies. This may involve direct contributions to environmental organizations, funding green research, or launching campaigns to raise awareness about environmental issues.
5. Engaging in Climate Risk Management
Financial services providers are adopting climate risk management strategies to assess the environmental risks associated with their investments and operations. This proactive approach helps minimize exposure to climate-related financial risks.
Challenges Faced by Green Finance
Despite the growing popularity of Green Finance, there are several challenges that must be addressed to ensure its long-term success. These include:
1. Lack of Standardization
There is a lack of uniform standards for defining and measuring the environmental impact of green projects. This can create confusion among investors and financial institutions about what qualifies as “green.”
2. Limited Awareness
Many businesses and individuals are still unaware of the benefits of Green Finance or the availability of green financial products. Greater awareness and education are needed to encourage wider adoption.
3. Short-Term Profit Focus
Some investors prioritize short-term returns over long-term sustainability, which can limit the flow of capital into green projects. Financial institutions need to balance profitability with sustainability to attract a broader range of investors.
4. Regulatory Uncertainty
In some regions, unclear or inconsistent environmental regulations can hinder the growth of Green Finance. Financial institutions require a stable regulatory framework to confidently invest in sustainable projects.
Comparative Analysis of Green Finance vs Traditional Finance
Aspect | Green Finance | Traditional Finance |
---|---|---|
Focus | Environmentally sustainable projects | Profit-driven investments without environmental focus |
Financial Products | Green bonds, sustainable loans, carbon credits, etc. | Traditional loans, bonds, equity funds |
Risk Consideration | Considers environmental risks and climate change | Primarily considers financial and market risks |
Regulation | Increasing regulation on sustainability | Less regulation concerning environmental impact |
Investor Appeal | Attracts socially responsible investors | Attracts investors focused on financial returns |
Green Finance: Key Analysis Table
Green Finance Aspect | Impact on Green Initiatives |
---|---|
Green Bonds | Provides capital for renewable energy and conservation projects |
Sustainable Loans | Lowers the cost of financing for eco-friendly ventures |
Green Investment Funds | Encourages investment in renewable energy and green technologies |
ESG Investing | Drives demand for sustainable business practices |
Carbon Credits | Facilitates carbon offsetting and incentivizes emission reductions |
The Future of Green Finance
Green Finance is expected to grow in the coming years as environmental issues become more pressing. Financial institutions will likely expand their green product offerings, while governments will continue to incentivize sustainable investments. Innovations such as green fintech solutions and blockchain for carbon credit trading are likely to further advance the sector.
However, to realize the full potential of Green Finance, challenges such as standardization, awareness, and regulatory support must be addressed. By overcoming these hurdles, the financial services industry can play a transformative role in supporting global efforts to combat climate change and promote sustainability.
-
Business1 year ago
Cybersecurity Consulting Company SequelNet Provides Critical IT Support Services to Medical Billing Firm, Medical Optimum
-
Business1 year ago
Team Communication Software Transforms Operations at Finance Innovate
-
Business1 year ago
Project Management Tool Transforms Long Island Business
-
Business1 year ago
How Alleviate Poverty Utilized IPPBX’s All-in-One Solution to Transform Lives in New York City
-
health1 year ago
Breast Cancer: The Imperative Role of Mammograms in Screening and Early Detection
-
Sports1 year ago
Unstoppable Collaboration: D.C.’s Citi Open and Silicon Valley Classic Unite to Propel Women’s Tennis to New Heights
-
Art /Entertainment2 years ago
Embracing Renewal: Sizdabedar Celebrations Unite Iranians in New York’s Eisenhower Park
-
Finance1 year ago
The Benefits of Starting a Side Hustle for Financial Freedom